Papers
This section presents a collection of AHP/ANP papers. Whether you are a student, academic and/or professional in the field of decision making, you can help us expand this collection by sharing your papers on decision making with the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) and the Analytic Network Process (ANP).
Search papers by keyword:
Paper results for keyword: Analytic Hierarchy ProcessHow to prioritize inventions
Thomas Saaty, Elena RokouJournal: World Patent InformationIn this paper we consider many intangible criteria that influence the priorities and ranks of inventions as they contribute to human welfare, by using the Analytic Hierarchy Process. We apply the ideas to evaluate a number of modern inventions along with a few old ones. Both the categories of inv...
Read MoreAxioms of the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) and its Generalization to Dependence and Feedback: The Analytic Network Process (ANP)
Thomas Saaty, Konrad KułakowskiJournal: eprint arXiv:1605.05777The AHP/ANP are multicriteria decision-making theories that deal with both hierarchic structures when the criteria are independent of the alternatives and with networks when there is any dependence within and between elements of the decision. Both of them have been repeatedly used in practice by ...
Read MoreFive Ways to Combine Tangibles with Intangibles
Thomas SaatyJournal: International Journal of the Analytic Hierarchy ProcessThis paper presents five different ways to establish weights for the criteria that govern making comparisons. Four of these can be done in the context of the AHP, but the fifth and most reliable one is obtained by using the ANP.
Read MoreAn Indicator of One’s Life Satisfaction
Thomas Saaty, H. J. Zoffer, Lirong WeiJournal: European Journal of Pure and Applied MathematicsHow satisfied is each of us with the fulfillment of his life? In this paper after a thorough search of the literature about satisfaction, 58 criteria and subcriteria related to satisfaction or fulfillment were identified and arranged in a hierarchic structure. A process of prioritization known as...
Read MoreA marijuana legalization model using benefits, opportunities, costs and risks (BOCR) analysis
Thomas SaatyJournal: International Journal of Strategic Decision Sciences Marijuana has been regarded as an evil in our society because of abuse and addiction. However, its legalization and use in several states have shown that from the standpoint of its benefits, opportunities, costs and risks (BOCR) the overall decision should be to legalize it in our greater society...
Read MoreA structured scientific solution to the Israeli–Palestinian conflict: the Analytic Hierarchy Process approach
Thomas Saaty, Luis Vargas, H. J. ZofferJournal: Decision AnalyticsWhile the Israeli–Palestinian conflict has raged for decades, in all of its ramifications there has never been a totally structured or scientific approach to the conflict with all of its details. The Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) approaches the problem along these lines. There are a plethora o...
Read MoreChoosing the best city of the future
Thomas Saaty, Mujgan Sagir OzdemirJournal: Journal of Urban ManagementThis paper describes various possibilities of the cities of futures considering various constraints and demand of society, environment and geography. The need for future cities arises because of the rapid growth in population and thereby causing a decline in the living standards. In the United St...
Read MoreAn Analytic Hierarchy Process model of group consensus
Qingxing Dong, Thomas SaatyJournal: Journal of Systems Science and Systems EngineeringIn group decision making, a certain degree of consensus is necessary to derive a meaningful and valid outcome. This paper proposes a consensus reaching model for a group by using the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP). It supports people to improve their group consensus level through an updating of...
Read MoreHow many judges should there be in a group?
Thomas Saaty, Mujgan Sagir OzdemirJournal: Annals of Data ScienceThis paper briefly examines the question of how many judges are needed to obtain valid and consistent judgments when using the analytic hierarchy process. It turns out that if a judge is experienced and well versed in an area, he can be sufficient to provide the judgments instead of diluting his ...
Read MoreThe Analytic Hierarchy Process without the theory of oskar perron
Thomas SaatyJournal: International Journal of the Analytic Hierarchy ProcessIt is known and has been mathematically proven that the principal eigenvector is necessary for deriving priorities from judgments in the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP). According to the work of Oskar Perron, the principal eigenvector can be obtained as the limiting power of a positive matrix. I...
Read MoreThe Modern Science of Multicriteria Decision Making and Its Practical Applications: The AHP/ANP Approach
Thomas SaatyJournal: Operations ResearchThis paper presents a summary of the discrete mathematical part of my work, the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) and its generalization to dependence and feedback, the Analytic Network Process (ANP), for measuring tangible and intangible factors, particularly as applied to decision making. The fa...
Read MoreForecasting the resurgence of the US economy in 2010: An expert judgment approach
Andrew Blair, Gershon Mandelker, Thomas Saaty, Rozann WhitakerJournal: Socio-Economic Planning SciencesThis paper describes a forecast, performed in December 2008, of the time of the recovery of the U.S. economy from the contraction that began in December 2007. As in two earlier papers, the forecast uses an expert judgment approach, the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP), within the framework of dec...
Read MoreA new approach to the middle east conflict: the Analytic Hierarchy Process
Thomas Saaty, Luis VargasWe present an alternative process to address the Israeli Palestinian conflict. It does so in two ways that are different from past efforts. The first is by formally structuring the conflict and the second is the manner in which discussions are conducted and conclusions drawn.
Read MoreThe Analytic Hierarchy Process applied to complexity
Thomas Saaty, Nina BegicevicJournal: International Journal of Economics and Business ResearchEven in science, there is always the human element of using our own assumptions in logic, our feelings, our values and numerous criteria we must deal with. In addition, we often have to include the measurements of tangibles that always need agreed upon subjective judgement to interpret what exact...
Read MoreMaking and validating complex decisions with the AHP/ANP
Thomas SaatyJournal: Journal of Systems Science and Systems EngineeringSeveral examples that serve to validate the AHP/ANP with matrices hierarchies and networks are given in this paper. They are then followed by a discussion of the real numbers and how they are generated without the need for an absolute zero, and how they define an absolute scale of measurement tha...
Read MoreNegotiating the Israeli–Palestinian controversy from a new perspective
Thomas Saaty, H. J. ZofferJournal: Information Technology & Decision MakingIn most long-lasting conflicts, each party's grievances increase while the concessions they are willing to make decline in number, quality, and perceived value. Both parties lose sight of what they are willing to settle for, generally exaggerate their own needs, and minimize the needs of the ...
Read MoreAn innovative orders-of-magnitude approach to AHP-based mutli-criteria decision making: Prioritizing divergent intangible humane acts
Thomas Saaty, Jennifer ShangJournal: European Journal of Operational ResearchAn innovative Analytic Hierarchy Process-based structure is developed to capture the relationship between various levels of activities contributed by people to society. Physical objects have widespread extension and degrees of importance that often differ by many orders of magnitude. Similarly, m...
Read MoreThe Eigenvector in lay language
Thomas SaatyJournal: International Journal of the Analytic Hierarchy ProcessDecision making depends on identifying a structure of criteria and alternatives of a decision. It also depends on experience and judgments to select the best alternative. In the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) for decision making the criteria and alternatives are prioritized by forming matrices ...
Read MoreThe scope of human values and human activities in decision making
Thomas Saaty, Nina BegicevicJournal: Applied Soft ComputingDuring and at the end of Olympic games, we are always given the number of gold, silver and bronze medals won by each country and often the total number won as an indicator of the surmised winner. The groups that report the medal count in this manner indicate that they believe all medals are the s...
Read MoreFuzzy judgments and fuzzy sets
Thomas Saaty, Liem TranJournal: International Journal of Strategic Decision Sciences Using fuzzy set theory has become attractive to many people. However, the many references cited here and in other works, little thought is given to why numbers should be made fuzzy before plunging into the necessary simulations to crank out numbers without giving reason or proof that it works to ...
Read MoreEconomic forecasting with tangible and intangible criteria
Thomas SaatyJournal: Economic HorizonsThis paper provides a summary of a mathematical theory about the use of expert judgments in paired comparisons and how to derive priorities from them particularly when intangible factors are involved. An example to validate the process when applied to tangibles is given along with a simple decisi...
Read MoreAn essay on rank preservation and reversal
Thomas Saaty, Mujgan Sagir OzdemirJournal: Mathematical and Computer ModellingRank preservation and reversal, so fundamental in decision making, have been an unresolved issue in the field of economics and utility theory and came into focus when the Analytic Hierarchy Process was developed because it uses paired comparisons that inevitably make the priorities of the alterna...
Read MoreAn essay on how judgment and measurement are different in science and in decision making
Thomas SaatyJournal: International Journal of the Analytic Hierarchy ProcessIn decision making the priority scales are derived objectively after subjective judgments are made, and they reflect the importance of the influences we considered. The process is the opposite of what is done in the physical sciences where the subjectivity of interpreting the final number comes a...
Read MoreWords from the AHP Creator
Thomas SaatyJournal: International Journal of the Analytic Hierarchy ProcessLet me take this occasion to wish this journal and its contributors my very best. It is a joyful occasion to have our own journal for decision making with the AHP/ANP and my message to you follows.
Read MoreExtending the measurement of tangibles to intangibles
Thomas Saaty, Mujgan Sagir OzdemirJournal: International Journal of Information Technology & Decision MakingTangibles have measurements generally on ratio scales with arbitrary units that are always interpreted by using judgments as to what particular purpose the measurements serve. How two measurements on a ratio scale are related with respect to dominance leads to forming their ratio which is a dimen...
Read MoreDecision making with the Analytic Hierarchy Process
Thomas SaatyJournal: International journal of services sciencesDecisions involve many intangibles that need to be traded off. To do that, they have to be measured along side tangibles whose measurements must also be evaluated as to, how well, they serve the objectives of the decision maker. The Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) is a theory of measurement thro...
Read MoreOn the invalidity of fuzzifying numerical judgments in the Analytic Hierarchy Process
Thomas Saaty, Liem TranJournal: Mathematical and Computer ModellingFuzzy set theory has serious difficulties in producing valid answers in decision-making by fuzzifying judgments. No theorems are available about its workability when it is applied indiscriminately as a number crunching approach to numerical measurements that represent judgments. When judgments ar...
Read MoreTime dependent decision-making dynamic priorities in the AHP/ANP: Generalizing from points to functions and from real to complex variables
Thomas SaatyJournal: Mathematical and Computer ModellingBecause good decisions depend on the conditions of the future, and because conditions vary over time, to make a good decision requires judgments of what is more likely or more preferred over different time periods. There are at least three ways to deal with dynamic decisions. One is to include in...
Read MoreThe Analytic Hierarchy Process and human resource allocation: Half the story
Thomas Saaty, Kirti Peniwati, Jennifer ShangJournal: Mathematical and Computer ModellingThe Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) provides a way to rank the alternatives of a problem by deriving priorities. A question that occurs in practice is: what is the best combination of alternatives that has the largest sum of priorities and satisfies given constraints? This leads one to consider ...
Read MoreThe Analytic Hierarchy Process: how to measure intangibles in a meaningful way side by side with tangibles
Thomas SaatyJournal: International Symposium on QFD, ISQFD
Read MoreGroup decision-making: Head-count versus intensity of preference
Thomas Saaty, Jennifer ShangJournal: Socio-Economic Planning SciencesThis paper puts forth a framework for reshaping the group decision-making process. The proposed framework extends from the usual one-issue-at-a-time decision-making to one that involves several related issues simultaneously. Weaknesses of the traditional majority voting mechanism are first identi...
Read MoreThere is no mathematical validity for using fuzzy number crunching in the Analytic Hierarchy Process
Thomas SaatyJournal: Journal of Systems Science and Systems EngineeringFuzzy logic has difficulty producing valid answers in decision-making. Absent are theorems to prove that it works to produce results already known that are being estimated with judgments by transforming such judgments numerically. The numerical representation of judgments in the AHP is already fu...
Read MoreThe unknown in decision making: What to do about it
Mujgan Sagir Ozdemir, Thomas SaatyJournal: European journal of operational researchThe unknown or “other” that affects our lives is what we usually very much want to know about to cope with uncertainty. We often suspect that it affects us with partial and indefinite evidence that it exists but we only have uncertain feelings about it. Even when we do not know what it is we woul...
Read MoreThe Analytic Hierarchy Process: wash criteria should not be ignored
Thomas Saaty, Luis VargasJournal: International Journal of Management and Decision Making In this short paper it is shown that care is required to perform the appropriate normalisation needed to derive the right set of priorities from paired comparisons when criteria are added or deleted in a decision problem. This is particularly true for criteria with respect to which the alternativ...
Read MoreThe possibility of group welfare functions
Thomas Saaty, Luis VargasJournal: International Journal of Information Technology & Decision MakingThis paper gives a brief overview of the well-known impossibility-possibility theorem in constructing a social welfare function from individual functions. The Analytic Hierarchy Process uses a fundamental scale of absolute numbers to represent judgments about dominance in paired comparisons. It i...
Read MoreDecision making—the Analytic Hierarchy and Network Processes (AHP/ANP)
Thomas SaatyJournal: Journal of systems science and systems engineeringThis is the first part of an introduction to multicriteria decision making using the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) and its generalization, the Analytic Network Process (ANP). The discussion involves individual and group decisions both with the independence of the criteria from the alternatives...
Read MoreAutomatic decision-making: Neural firing and response
Thomas SaatyJournal: Journal of Systems Science and Systems EngineeringIn contrast with conscious decision-making, there are numerous subconscious decisions that we make without thinking about them. Some are biological and are made by different parts of our body to keep it alive and functioning normally. Others are a result of repetition and training that we can the...
Read MoreWhy the magic number seven plus or minus two
Thomas Saaty, Mujgan Sagir OzdemirJournal: Mathematical and computer modellingIn 1956, Miller conjectured that there is an upper limit on our capacity to process information on simultaneously interacting elements with reliable accuracy and with validity. This limit is seven plus or minus two elements. He noted that the number 7 occurs in many aspects of life, from the seve...
Read MoreNegative priorities in the Analytic Hierarchy Process
Thomas Saaty, Mujgan Sagir OzdemirIn decision-making, there are often criteria that are opposite in direction to other criteria as in benefits (B) versus costs (C), and in opportunities (O) versus risks (R), and sometimes need to be distinguished by using negative numbers. In making paired comparisons of alternatives with respect...
Read MoreThe allocation of intangible resources: the Analytic Hierarchy Process and linear programming
Thomas Saaty, Luis Vargas, Klaus DellmannJournal: Socio-Economic Planning SciencesAn intangible is an attribute that has no scale of measurement. Intangibles such as effort and skill arise in conjunction with resource allocation but are not usually included directly in a mathematical model because of the absence of a unit of measurement. However, intangibles can be quantified ...
Read MoreDecision making with the Analytic Hierarchy Process
Thomas SaatyJournal: Scientia IranicaIn this paper, an introduction is given to decision-making theory, the Analytic Hierarchy Process. In the AHP, a decision hierarchy is constructed with a goal, criteria and alternatives. The criteria are pairwise compared for their importance with respect to the goal to derive a scale of relative...
Read MoreForecasting the resurgence of the US economy in 2001: an expert judgment approach
Andrew Blair, Gershon Mandelker, Thomas Saaty, Rozann WhitakerJournal: Socio-Economic Planning SciencesThis paper describes a forecast of the date for the resumption of growth of the US economy in 2001. It uses an expert judgment approach within the framework of decision theory, the Analytic Hierarchy Process, as well as its generalization to dependence and feedback, the Analytic Network Process.
Read MoreThe decision by the US congress on China’s trade status: a multicriteria analysis
Thomas Saaty, Luis VargasJournal: Models, Methods, Concepts & Applications of the Analytic Hierarchy ProcessIn this paper, we used a decision making tool, the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP), to analyze a decision to select a trade status for China that is in the best interest of the United States before that decision came before Congress for a vote.
Read MoreThe seven pillars of the Analytic Hierarchy Process
Thomas SaatyJournal: Multiple Criteria Decision Making in the New Millennium The seven pillars of the AHP, some highlights of which are discussed in the paper, are: 1) ratio scales derived from reciprocal paired comparisons; 2) paired comparisons and the psychophysical origin of the fundamental scale used to make the comparisons; 3) conditions for sensitivity of the eigen...
Read MoreBasic theory of the Analytic Hierarchy Process: How to make a decision
Thomas SaatyJournal: Revista de la Real Academia de Ciencias Exactas Fisicas y NaturalesAn assumption arising from the practice of science and engineering since the middle ages is that because nature is physical, we should be able to relate all measurement to physical dimensions. But that is not true. Human thinking and feeling exist in the physical world but they are not matter or ...
Read MoreOn the relativity of relative measures–accommodating both rank preservation and rank reversals in the AHP
Ido Millet, Thomas SaatyThe analytic hierarchy process (AHP) has been criticized for allowing the introduction of new alternatives to cause rank reversals among existing alternatives. While in many cases this is a perfectly valid phenomenon there are also many cases where rank should be preserved. To address both contin...
Read MoreDiagnosis with dependent symptoms: Bayes theorem and the Analytic Hierarchy Process
Thomas Saaty, Luis VargasJournal: Operations ResearchJudgments are needed in medical diagnosis to determine what tests to perform given certain symptoms. For many diseases, what information to gather on symptoms and what combination of symptoms lead to a given disease are not well known. Even when the number of symptoms is small, the required numbe...
Read MoreThat is not the Analytic Hierarchy Process: what the AHP is and what it is not
Thomas SaatyJournal: Journal of Multi‐Criteria Decision AnalysisThere are two basic principles that are totally missed by Salo and Hamalaninen in their attempt to reformulate the AHP, which is based on ratio scales, to fit multiattribute value theory, which is based on interval scales.
Read MoreThe analytic hierarchy process and linear programming in human resource allocation
Thomas Saaty, Kirti PeniwatiJournal: Proceedings of the Fourth International Symposium on the Analytic Hierarchy Process (ISAHP’96)The Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) provides a way to rank the alternatives of a problem by deriving priorities. A question that occurs in practice is: what is the best combination of alternatives that has the largest sum of priorities and satisfies given constraints? This leads one to consider ...
Read MorePrediction of the 1996 super bowl an application of the AHP with feedback
Thomas Saaty, D.S. TurnerJournal: Proceedings of the Fourth International Symposium on the Analytic Hierarchy Process (ISAHP’96)This paper develops a refined benefiticost model using the supermatrix approach of the AHP to predict the outcome of the playoffs and the Super Bowl of the 1995-1996 season. Introduction In October 1995, we undertook the task of predicting (Sooty and Vargas, 1991)' the outcome of the 1996 Sup...
Read MoreExamples of Difficulties with Ordinal Preferences that Disappear with Cardinal Preferences
Thomas Saaty, Luis VargasJournal: Proceedings of the Fourth International Symposium on the Analytic Hierarchy Process (ISAHP’96)We examine some examples where the use of cardinal preferences solves problems that occur when ordinal preferences are used exclusively. Ordinal preferences are the first step toward ranking alternatives but they are not the last. In general we are interested in deriving a consistent ranking of a...
Read MoreThe Analytic Hierarchy Process and utility theory: Ratio scales and interval scales
Rozann SaatyJournal: Proceedings of the Fourth International Symposium on the Analytic Hierarchy Process (ISAHP’96)This paper is a brief summary of the successful workability of the Analytic Hierarchy Process (All!') free of problems and paradoxes. As a theory of ratio scale measurement, the AHP has found multiple and diverse applications in priority setting, decision making, planning , resource allocatio...
Read MoreThe Analytic Hierarchy Process: Some observations on the paper by Apostolou and Hassell
Thomas SaatyJournal: Journal of Accounting LiteratureApostolou and Hassell in their overview of the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) and its applications to accounting included a section on some theoretical questions about the AHP that differ considerably from my own understanding as the creator of that theory. There are now more than 1,200 papers ...
Read MoreTransport planning with multiple criteria: the Analytic Hierarchy Process applications and progress review
Thomas SaatyJournal: Journal of advanced transportationFive examples of applications of the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) are made to illustrate the different uses of this ratio scale multicriteria decision method in transportation. They include a commuter route selection hierarchy, a best mix of routes to Pittsburgh's new International Airport, a...
Read MoreHow to make a decision: the Analytic Hierarchy Process
Thomas SaatyJournal: InterfacesPeople make three general types of judgments to express importance, preference, or likelihood and use them to choose the best among alternatives in the presence of environmental, social, political, and other influences. They base these judgments on knowledge in memory or from analyzing benefits, ...
Read MoreObservations on multiplicative composition in the Analytic Hierarchy Process
Thomas SaatyJournal: Proceedings of the 3rd International Symposium on the Analytic Hierarchy ProcessFrom the early years of development of the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) I examined a number of alternatives for hierarchic composition that produced ratio scales. Ratio scales were always in my thinking because of my strong interest in physics. There one multiplies different ratio scales befo...
Read MoreHighlights and critical points in the theory and application of the Analytic Hierarchy Process
Thomas SaatyJournal: European Journal of operational researchThis paper provides a detailed discussion with references on the fundamentals of the Analytic Hierarchy Process and in particular of relative measurement. The points discussed are grouped under the following categories: Structure in the AHP — Hierarchies and Networks, Scales of Measurement, Judgm...
Read MoreResponse to Holder's comments on the Analytic Hierarchy Process
Thomas SaatyJournal: Journal of the Operational Research SocietyResponse to Holder's comments on the analytic hierarchy process
Read MoreKnapsack allocation of multiple resources in benefit-cost analysis by way of the Analytic Hierarchy Process
James Benne, Thomas SaatyJournal: Mathematical and computer modellingBenefit-cost analysis has traditionally required monetary measures of benefits and costs of candidate projects. This paper demonstrates that priorities of both tangible and intangible attributes can be used in a benefit-cost setting to address the long standing problem of allocating multiple reso...
Read MoreA natural way to make momentous decisions
Thomas SaatyJournal: Journal of scientific & industrial researchA brief introduction to making decisions by the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) is given. A simple illustration of how to decide on which of three people should get a heart transplant is provided. How to structure a decision problem and how to enter judgments semantically, transform them to pair...
Read MoreInner and outer dependence in the Analytic Hierarchy Process: The supermatrix and superhierarchy
Thomas SaatyJournal: Proceedings of the 2nd International Symposium of The Analytic Hierarchy ProcessHow does one structure a decision problem with dependencies derive priorities and make choices among interdependent alternatives?
Read MoreModeling the graduate business school admissions process
Thomas Saaty, James France, Kathleen Riehle ValentineJournal: Socio-economic planning sciencesEach year graduate business admissions committees must carefully evaluate prospective students. Committees must judge the performance of applicants with respect to a wide range of quantitative and qualitative criteria in order to select the best students. The overall process is complex and time c...
Read MorePhysics as a decision theory
Thomas SaatyJournal: European Journal of Operational ResearchWe show that there is a close mathematical relationship between physics and the Analytic Hierarchy Process. We argue that numerical scales used in physics must be interpreted in terms which the scientist understands through experience and through theories advocated by experts in the field. In phy...
Read MoreHow to make a decision: the Analytic Hierarchy Process
Thomas SaatyJournal: European journal of operational researchThis paper serves as an introduction to the Analytic Hierarchy Process — A multicriteria decision making approach in which factors are arranged in a hierarchic structure. The principles and the philosophy of the theory are summarized giving general background information of the type of measuremen...
Read MoreAn exposition of the AHP in reply to the paper "remarks on the Analytic Hierarchy Process"
Thomas SaatyJournal: Management scienceAn exposition of the AHP in reply to the paper " remarks on the analytic hierarchy process"
Read MoreThe Analytic Hierarchy Process in conflict management
Thomas SaatyJournal: International Journal of Conflict ManagementThe Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) is a theory of measurement. When applied in decision‐making, it assists one to describe the general decision operation by decomposing a complex problem into a multi‐level hierarchic structure of objectives, criteria, subcriteria and alternatives. The AHP provi...
Read MoreGroup decision making and the AHP
Thomas SaatyJournal: The analytic hierarchy processThis paper focuses on the application of the Analytic Hierarchy Process in a group setting. In particular, we present observations and suggestions that are intended to help in the planning and execution of a group decision-making effort in which AΗΡ plays a major role.
Read MoreDecision making, scaling, and number crunching
Thomas SaatyJournal: Decision SciencesThe purpose of this note is to comment on the artificiality of using known scales of measurement (or conveniently improvised numbers) to make decisions. In particular, the pitfalls of trying to please the decision maker and of using normalization as a number crunching tool are discussed. Finally,...
Read MoreA note on multiplicative operations in the Analytic Hierarchy Process
Thomas SaatyJournal: Preprints of International Symposium on the Analytic Hierarchy Process, Tianjin University, Tianjin, ChinaThis note deals with the idea that there are many ways of deriving composite priorities in the AHP that do not all lead to the same outcome. ' The current approach of distributing the weight of an element in a hierarchy in proportion to the priorities of the elements compared with respect to ...
Read MoreFree trade discussions between Canada and the United States
Thomas Saaty, William WedleyJournal: Canadian Journal of Administrative Sciences/Revue Canadienne des Sciences de l'AdministrationThe free trade negotiations between Canada and the United States are a type of conflict where each side considers not only its own gains and losses but also Us perceptions of the gains and losses of the other side. The assessment involves intangibles and tradeoffs which can be structured and anal...
Read MoreResolution of retributive conflicts
Thomas SaatyJournal: IFAC Proceedings VolumesIn prolonged confrontations, known here as retributive, the parties not only exact their own demands but also want to incur a high cost on the opponent. Success in resolving a conflict is measured by the gain: each party's benefits and the costs to the opponent compared with the perceived gain fo...
Read MoreUncertainty and rank order in the Analytic Hierarchy Process
Thomas Saaty, Luis VargasJournal: European Journal of Operational ResearchThe Analytic Hierarchy Process uses paired comparisons to derive a scale of relative importance for alternatives. We investigate the effect of uncertainty in judgment on the stability of the rank order of alternatives. The uncertainty experienced by decision makers in making comparisons is measur...
Read MoreForecasting foreign exchange rates: an expert judgement approach
Andrew Blair, Robert Nachtmann, Josephine Olson, Thomas SaatyStudies have indicated that forecasts by market experts can be more accurate than time series forecasts. This article describes a process for structuring an expert foreign exchange forecast using Saaty's Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP). The specific example developed is a forecast of the yen/dol...
Read MoreRisk: Its Priority and Probability, The Analytic Hierarchy Process
Thomas SaatyJournal: Risk AnalysisRisk estimation involves priorities and probabilities which are themselves a form of priority of natural alternatives. This paper provides illustrations of how one can deal with risk and uncertainty using the Analytic Hierarchy Process, a new approach to measurement by ratio scales. The paper als...
Read MoreHow to Handle Dependence with the Analytic Hierarchy Process
Thomas SaatyJournal: Mathematical ModellingHierarchic and network systems are discussed as basic frameworks of unstructured problems modeled by the Analytic Hierarchy Process. A hierarchy represents a linear chain of interactions, whereas a network allows for feedback in the form of cycles and loops. A theory is provided for the prioritie...
Read MoreA new macroeconomic forecasting and policy evaluation method using the Analytic Hierarchy Process
Thomas SaatyJournal: Mathematical ModellingThe Analytic Hierarchy Process is used to show how forecasts can be made of the effects of monetarist, Keynesian and supply-side macroeconomic policies and to determine their impact on important variables such as unemployment, inflation and GNP growth.
Read MoreA note on the AHP and expected value theory
Thomas SaatyJournal: Socio-Economic Planning SciencesIt is shown here that one cannot simply take columns of numbers, normalize them and add to obtain results corresponding to operations in the AHP. This is what traditional expected value theory using a single scale would lead one to do. Care needs to be exercised. What one must do is to interpret ...
Read MoreExploring optimization through hierarchies and ratio scales
Thomas SaatyJournal: Socio-Economic Planning SciencesThis paper explores the concept of optimization by solely using the AHP and compares outcomes with those obtained in traditional optimization theory without and with constraints. The difference is essentially in the absence of the traditional black box involving complex manipulations in algebra o...
Read MoreAbsolute and relative measurement with the AHP. The most livable cities in the United States
Thomas SaatyJournal: Socio-Economic Planning SciencesIn this paper it is shown that there are two types of measurement involved in the AHP, absolute and relative. The first requires a standard with which to compare elements, but mostly alternatives at the bottom of the hierarchy. The process leads to absolute preservation in the rank of the alterna...
Read MoreDependence and independence: From linear hierarchies to nonlinear networks
Thomas Saaty, Masahiro TakizawaJournal: European journal of operational researchMost decisions need to be free from assumptions of independence to be faithful to the complex problems in which they arise. This paper illustrates how to generate priorities for decisions involving general types of dependence of criteria on alternatives, criteria on criteria and alternatives on a...
Read MoreAxiomatic foundation of the Analytic Hierarchy Process
Thomas SaatyJournal: Management scienceThis paper contains an axiomatic treatment of the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP). The set of axioms corresponding to hierarchic structures are a special case of axioms for priority setting in systems with feedback which allow for a wide class of dependencies. The axioms highlight: (1) the recip...
Read MoreScaling the membership function
Thomas SaatyJournal: European Journal of Operational ResearchTo scale the membership function, a method is needed that can assess the importance of elements
with respect to a property or criterion that is common among them. It is conceivable that membership should be determined in terms of several criteria tangible and intangible. The approach needed is a...
Read MoreConflict resolution and the falkland islands invasions
Thomas SaatyJournal: InterfacesThe analytic hierarchy process (AHP) is compared with game and metagame theories for analyzing conflicts. The AHP helps to structure the problem, generate and synthesize judgments, and carry out a benefit/cost analysis of various policies. The Falkland Islands crisis is examined using the judgmen...
Read MoreProjecting average family size in rural India by the Analytic Hierarchy Process
Thomas Saaty, Molly WongJournal: Journal of Mathematical SociologyIn this study, cultural, economic as well as certain crucial demographic factors are considered as the determinants for projecting the average family size in rural India. We use the Analytic Hierarchy Process to analyze influences of the factors which enter implicitly in a rural couple's deci...
Read MorePriority setting in complex problems
Thomas SaatyJournal: IEEE Transactions on Engineering ManagementThere are three principles which one can recognize in problem solving. They are the principles of decomposition, comparative judgments, and synthesis of priorities. The Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) provides a comprehensive framework to cope with the intuitive, the rational, and the irrational...
Read MoreAn objective approach to faculty promotion and tenure by the Analytic Hierarchy Process
Thomas SaatyJournal: Research in Higher EducationThis paper proposes a novel evaluation approach for the selection of candidates for promotion and/or tenure. The decision problem is conceptualized as a hierarchy of factors and a mathematical procedure known as the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) is used for successively “weighting” or prioriti...
Read MoreHigh-level nuclear waste management: analysis of options
Thomas Saaty, H GholamnezhadJournal: Environment and Planning B: Planning and DesignA new approach is introduced for evaluating strategies for the safe disposal of high-level nuclear waste. Five strategies are considered, and by means of the effective method of ‘analytic hierarchy process’ these strategies are prioritized with respect to a set of tangible and intangible criteria...
Read MoreApplications of the Analytic Hierarchy Process to long range planning processes
James Emshoff, Thomas SaatyJournal: European Journal of Operational ResearchThis paper considers the long range planning process from the point of view both of projecting forward likely or desired changes from the current position to define a possible future state, and of identifying desirable future states and working backwards from those to consider ways in which they ...
Read MoreHigh‐level decisions: A lesson from the Iran hostage rescue operation
Thomas Saaty, Luis Vargas, Amos BarzilayWe use the analytic hierarchy process to analyze the role of subjective factors in decision making as illustrated in the Iran rescue operation. Essentially, we show that a decision maker and that decision maker's advisors may differ in their estimates on whether an action should or should not...
Read MoreTechnological choice in the less developed countries: An analytic hierarchy approach
Vasudevan Ramanujam, Thomas SaatyJournal: Technological Forecasting and Social ChangeA novel and practical approach is proposed for the assessment and selection of imported technology by the less developed countries. Technological choice is conceptualized as a multiobjective, multicriterion problem wherein subjective judgments and political processes play key roles. A new plannin...
Read MoreFinancial and intangible factors in fleet lease or buy decision
Luis Vargas, Thomas SaatyJournal: Industrial Marketing ManagementWe show that there is no single best solution in the leasing versus company ownership problem for the fleet administration industry as a whole. Because of the different styles and traditions of firms and because of the emphasis on intangibles beyond economics, a unifying framework of reference in...
Read MoreMarketing applications of the Analytic Hierarchy Process
Yoram Wind, Thomas SaatyJournal: Management scienceSeveral marketing applications of the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) are reviewed. The paper starts with a brief description of this process, which was developed by Thomas Saaty in 1971, including an eight-point outline of how to apply it. The thrust of the paper is a discussion of a number of ...
Read MorePortfolio selection through hierarchies
Thomas Saaty, Paul C. Rogers, Ricardo PellJournal: The journal of portfolio managementThe method we will discuss addresses the huge task of ranking and choosing from among a large set of stocks in order to devide how much of our recources should be allocated to each of the stocks chosen.
Read MoreHierarchical analysis of behavior in competition: Prediction in chess
Thomas Saaty, Luis VargasJournal: Behavioral scienceIn this paper we use the analytic hierarchy process to combine technical and behavioral characteristics of chess players and predict the outcome of a championship match. The method also applies to decision making in living systems at the level of the group. Our approach to prediction deals with t...
Read MoreMathematical modeling of dynamic decisions; priorities and hierarchies with time dependence
Thomas SaatyJournal: Mathematics and computers in SimulationThe question often arises in regard to the use of Analytic Hierarchy Process: What would one do if the judgments where to change? A simple answer to that problem is that one should solve the new problem. But this is not what people usually have in mind. Presumably what they would like is a parame...
Read MoreTheory of measurement of impacts and interactions in systems
Thomas SaatyJournal: Systems Methodology in Social Science ResearchWhat is being frequently tested in society today is not our engineering skill or our ability to bring technology to bear on life’s problems, but our sense of priorities and our capacity to make trade-offs between various factors that have an impact on life. The trade-offs cannot all be measured i...
Read MoreA theory of analytical hierarchies applied to political candidacy
Thomas Saaty, J. P. BennettJournal: Behavioral ScienceA theory of hierarchies is applied to structure complex decision problems about groups, organizations, societies or supranational systems in three steps. The problem is decomposed into a number of strata, each with several elements which may be people, variables, policies, and so on. We next anal...
Read MoreA new approach to performance measurement the Analytic Hierarchy Process
Eren Erdener, Thomas SaatyJournal: Design Methods and TheoriesA new approach to performance measurement the Analytic Hierarchy Process
Read MoreEstimating technological coefficients by the Analytic Hierarchy Process
Thomas Saaty, Luis VargasJournal: Socio-Economic Planning SciencesWe give a summary and an example of a new, systems oriented, method for estimating the input-output coefficients of a given economy. Our approach is based on pairwise comparisons among the sectors of the economy ranking them according to their priority on a ratio scale. What we obtain corresponds...
Read MoreModeling unstructured decision problems—the theory of analytical hierarchies
Thomas SaatyJournal: Mathematics and computers in simulationQuantitative modeling of unstructured decision problems with social implications is new and challenging and has pressing needs. A new approach to scaling using largest eigenvalues and reciprocal matrices and the effect of inconsistent judgment are introduced and relevant theory discussed. In this...
Read MoreCriteria for Evaluating Group Decision-Making Methods. In: Decision Making with the Analytic Network Process
Kirti PeniwatiJournal: International Series in Operations Research & Management ScienceThis paper has brought many criteria and many methods under one umbrella. We believe that our schematization is a good start and may eventually be improved upon in subsequent revisions and extensions of the criteria used and in debating the importance of these criteria and the accuracy with which...
Read MoreAggregating Individual Judgments and Prioriies with the Analytic Hierarchy Process
Ernest Forman, Kirti PeniwatiJournal: European Journal of Operational ResearchThe Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) is often used in group settings where group members either engage in discussion to achieve a consensus or express their own preferences. Individual judgments can be aggregated in different ways. Two of the methods that have been found to be most useful are the...
Read MoreThe Use of AHP in Sustainable Forest Management Certification
Mubariq Achmad, Kirti PeniwatiJournal: Proceedings of the fifth International Symposium on The Analytic Hierarchy ProcessSustainable forest management (SFM) certification is a process to determine whether a forest management unit or company has been operating and performing at the acceptable degree of sustainability. The Indonesian Eco-labeling Institute (LEI) has been establishing a certification system using the ...
Read MoreIncreasing the level of certainty in medical diagnosis Using AHP/ANP with compatibility index G in support of medical diagnosis
Claudio Garuti, Mario SandovalJournal: International Journal of Medical Engineering and InformaticsThis paper is based on the development of a web-based tool, in support of medical decision making called medical sapiens (MS), oriented to improve diagnostic accuracy and diminishing the uncertainty of the initial diagnosis. It has been developed for four years working with several senior physici...
Read MoreMeasuring in Weighted Environments: Moving from Metric to Order Topology
Claudio GarutiJournal: Applications and Theory of Analytic Hierarchy Process - Decision Making for Strategic DecisionsThis is a chapter in the book: Applications and Theory of Analytic Hierarchy Process - Decision Making for Strategic Decisions. This chapter addresses the problem of measuring closeness in weighted environments (decision-making environments). This chapter show the importance of having a trustwort...
Read MoreConstructing a maqasid (objective) based performance measurement index for Islamic banks
Kazi Md. Tarique, Rafikul Islam, Mustafa Omar Mohamed, Dzuljastri Abdul Razak, Hamdino bin HamdanJournal: International Journal of the Analytic Hierarchy ProcessThe current study aims to develop a Maqasid al-Shari’ah (objective of Islamic Law) based a new performance evaluation index for Islamic banks. In order to achieve the objective, the current study conducted twelve semi-structured interviews of academics and practitioners who specialize in Islamic ...
Read MorePrioritised challenges and critical success factors for delivering quality education in Malaysian private higher education institutions
Azilah Anis, Rafikul IslamJournal: Quality Assurance in EducationThe purpose of this paper is to develop a hierarchical model to rank the challenges faced by the private Malaysian higher education institutions (HEIs) in the provision of quality education and subsequently their corresponding critical success factors (CSFs) to address those challenges.
Read MoreAssessing and Ranking HALMAS Parks in Malaysia: An Application of Importance-Performance Analysis and AHP
Rafikul Islam, Fatima El MadkouriJournal: Journal of Islamic MarketingThis paper aims to measure the level of importance and satisfaction on a number of items in the day-to-day running of the halal parks in Malaysia and to rank a selected halal parks on the basis of a number of performance criteria.
Read MorePrioritization of Service Quality Dimensions for Healthcare Sector
Rafikul Islam, Selim Ahmed, Kazi Md. TariqueJournal: International Journal of Medical Engineering and InformaticsDue to the unique nature among the service industries, the overriding objective of the healthcare sector is to provide error free, impeccable services to their patients and clientele. It is not an option rather a norm for the healthcare sector to uphold and maintain the level of service that is q...
Read MoreThe application of analytic hierarchy process in higher-learning institutions: A literature review
Azilah Anis, Rafikul IslamJournal: J. for International Business and Entrepreneurship DevelopmentCurrently, there has been increasing interest in the application of the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) in the educational sector. However, little effort has been made in reviewing its applications particularly in higher-learning institutions (HLIs). Thus, this paper attempts to systematically r...
Read MoreCritical success factors of the challenges in providing quality education: A study on Malaysian private higher learning institutes
Rafikul Islam, Azilah Anis, Anisah AbdullahThe issue of quality education in higher learning institutions is timely and crucial due to the Malaysian government's aspiration to turn the country into a centre of educational excellence in the Asian region. Quality education acts as an indicator of the institution's ability to provi...
Read MoreSelecting a technical service provider by the Analytic Hierarchy Process
Slamet Riyadi, Lokman Effendi, Rafikul IslamJournal: Malaysian Management ReviewThe selection of a suitable technical service provider in the oil and gas industry can be a lengthy process. To expedite the procurement process, the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) method is proposed as a means of identifying the best technical service provider to develop a field development pl...
Read MorePrioritizing issues of Malaysian vision 2020: An application of the analytic hierarchy process and quality function deployment
Rafikul Islam, Yusof IsmailJournal: International Journal of Economics, Management and AccountingThe objectives of this research are to obtain the people's perception towards a number of issues pertaining to the realization of Malaysian Vision 2020, to rank the challenges of Vision 2020 and to collect suggestions to expedite the realization of the vision. Based on a nationwide survey,...
Read MoreCritical success factors of the nine challenges in Malaysian vision 2020
Rafikul IslamJournal: Social-Economic Planning SciencesBy the year 2020, Malaysia aspires to become a fully developed nation. In order to realize this vision, formally termed ‘Vision 2020’, Malaysia must address nine strategic challenges identified by the government of former Prime Minister Tun Dr. Mahathir bin Mohamad. These challenges are: (1) Esta...
Read MoreMBNQA criteria in education: Assigning weights from a Malaysian perspective and proposition of an alternative evaluation scheme
Rafikul IslamJournal: International Transactions in Operational ResearchIn order to improve quality and productivity among American companies, the Malcolm Baldrige National Quality Award (MBNQA) was launched by the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) under the US Department of Commerce in 1987. Over the years, the award has proved to be effective in...
Read More
How to prioritize inventions
Thomas Saaty, Elena RokouJournal: World Patent InformationIn this paper we consider many intangible criteria that influence the priorities and ranks of inventions as they contribute to human welfare, by using the Analytic Hierarchy Process. We apply the ideas to evaluate a number of modern inventions along with a few old ones. Both the categories of inv...
Read MoreAxioms of the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) and its Generalization to Dependence and Feedback: The Analytic Network Process (ANP)
Thomas Saaty, Konrad KułakowskiJournal: eprint arXiv:1605.05777The AHP/ANP are multicriteria decision-making theories that deal with both hierarchic structures when the criteria are independent of the alternatives and with networks when there is any dependence within and between elements of the decision. Both of them have been repeatedly used in practice by ...
Read MoreFive Ways to Combine Tangibles with Intangibles
Thomas SaatyJournal: International Journal of the Analytic Hierarchy ProcessThis paper presents five different ways to establish weights for the criteria that govern making comparisons. Four of these can be done in the context of the AHP, but the fifth and most reliable one is obtained by using the ANP.
Read MoreAn Indicator of One’s Life Satisfaction
Thomas Saaty, H. J. Zoffer, Lirong WeiJournal: European Journal of Pure and Applied MathematicsHow satisfied is each of us with the fulfillment of his life? In this paper after a thorough search of the literature about satisfaction, 58 criteria and subcriteria related to satisfaction or fulfillment were identified and arranged in a hierarchic structure. A process of prioritization known as...
Read MoreA marijuana legalization model using benefits, opportunities, costs and risks (BOCR) analysis
Thomas SaatyJournal: International Journal of Strategic Decision Sciences Marijuana has been regarded as an evil in our society because of abuse and addiction. However, its legalization and use in several states have shown that from the standpoint of its benefits, opportunities, costs and risks (BOCR) the overall decision should be to legalize it in our greater society...
Read MoreA structured scientific solution to the Israeli–Palestinian conflict: the Analytic Hierarchy Process approach
Thomas Saaty, Luis Vargas, H. J. ZofferJournal: Decision AnalyticsWhile the Israeli–Palestinian conflict has raged for decades, in all of its ramifications there has never been a totally structured or scientific approach to the conflict with all of its details. The Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) approaches the problem along these lines. There are a plethora o...
Read MoreChoosing the best city of the future
Thomas Saaty, Mujgan Sagir OzdemirJournal: Journal of Urban ManagementThis paper describes various possibilities of the cities of futures considering various constraints and demand of society, environment and geography. The need for future cities arises because of the rapid growth in population and thereby causing a decline in the living standards. In the United St...
Read MoreAn Analytic Hierarchy Process model of group consensus
Qingxing Dong, Thomas SaatyJournal: Journal of Systems Science and Systems EngineeringIn group decision making, a certain degree of consensus is necessary to derive a meaningful and valid outcome. This paper proposes a consensus reaching model for a group by using the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP). It supports people to improve their group consensus level through an updating of...
Read MoreHow many judges should there be in a group?
Thomas Saaty, Mujgan Sagir OzdemirJournal: Annals of Data ScienceThis paper briefly examines the question of how many judges are needed to obtain valid and consistent judgments when using the analytic hierarchy process. It turns out that if a judge is experienced and well versed in an area, he can be sufficient to provide the judgments instead of diluting his ...
Read MoreThe Analytic Hierarchy Process without the theory of oskar perron
Thomas SaatyJournal: International Journal of the Analytic Hierarchy ProcessIt is known and has been mathematically proven that the principal eigenvector is necessary for deriving priorities from judgments in the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP). According to the work of Oskar Perron, the principal eigenvector can be obtained as the limiting power of a positive matrix. I...
Read MoreThe Modern Science of Multicriteria Decision Making and Its Practical Applications: The AHP/ANP Approach
Thomas SaatyJournal: Operations ResearchThis paper presents a summary of the discrete mathematical part of my work, the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) and its generalization to dependence and feedback, the Analytic Network Process (ANP), for measuring tangible and intangible factors, particularly as applied to decision making. The fa...
Read MoreForecasting the resurgence of the US economy in 2010: An expert judgment approach
Andrew Blair, Gershon Mandelker, Thomas Saaty, Rozann WhitakerJournal: Socio-Economic Planning SciencesThis paper describes a forecast, performed in December 2008, of the time of the recovery of the U.S. economy from the contraction that began in December 2007. As in two earlier papers, the forecast uses an expert judgment approach, the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP), within the framework of dec...
Read MoreA new approach to the middle east conflict: the Analytic Hierarchy Process
Thomas Saaty, Luis VargasWe present an alternative process to address the Israeli Palestinian conflict. It does so in two ways that are different from past efforts. The first is by formally structuring the conflict and the second is the manner in which discussions are conducted and conclusions drawn.
Read MoreThe Analytic Hierarchy Process applied to complexity
Thomas Saaty, Nina BegicevicJournal: International Journal of Economics and Business ResearchEven in science, there is always the human element of using our own assumptions in logic, our feelings, our values and numerous criteria we must deal with. In addition, we often have to include the measurements of tangibles that always need agreed upon subjective judgement to interpret what exact...
Read MoreMaking and validating complex decisions with the AHP/ANP
Thomas SaatyJournal: Journal of Systems Science and Systems EngineeringSeveral examples that serve to validate the AHP/ANP with matrices hierarchies and networks are given in this paper. They are then followed by a discussion of the real numbers and how they are generated without the need for an absolute zero, and how they define an absolute scale of measurement tha...
Read MoreNegotiating the Israeli–Palestinian controversy from a new perspective
Thomas Saaty, H. J. ZofferJournal: Information Technology & Decision MakingIn most long-lasting conflicts, each party's grievances increase while the concessions they are willing to make decline in number, quality, and perceived value. Both parties lose sight of what they are willing to settle for, generally exaggerate their own needs, and minimize the needs of the ...
Read MoreAn innovative orders-of-magnitude approach to AHP-based mutli-criteria decision making: Prioritizing divergent intangible humane acts
Thomas Saaty, Jennifer ShangJournal: European Journal of Operational ResearchAn innovative Analytic Hierarchy Process-based structure is developed to capture the relationship between various levels of activities contributed by people to society. Physical objects have widespread extension and degrees of importance that often differ by many orders of magnitude. Similarly, m...
Read MoreThe Eigenvector in lay language
Thomas SaatyJournal: International Journal of the Analytic Hierarchy ProcessDecision making depends on identifying a structure of criteria and alternatives of a decision. It also depends on experience and judgments to select the best alternative. In the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) for decision making the criteria and alternatives are prioritized by forming matrices ...
Read MoreThe scope of human values and human activities in decision making
Thomas Saaty, Nina BegicevicJournal: Applied Soft ComputingDuring and at the end of Olympic games, we are always given the number of gold, silver and bronze medals won by each country and often the total number won as an indicator of the surmised winner. The groups that report the medal count in this manner indicate that they believe all medals are the s...
Read MoreFuzzy judgments and fuzzy sets
Thomas Saaty, Liem TranJournal: International Journal of Strategic Decision Sciences Using fuzzy set theory has become attractive to many people. However, the many references cited here and in other works, little thought is given to why numbers should be made fuzzy before plunging into the necessary simulations to crank out numbers without giving reason or proof that it works to ...
Read MoreEconomic forecasting with tangible and intangible criteria
Thomas SaatyJournal: Economic HorizonsThis paper provides a summary of a mathematical theory about the use of expert judgments in paired comparisons and how to derive priorities from them particularly when intangible factors are involved. An example to validate the process when applied to tangibles is given along with a simple decisi...
Read MoreAn essay on rank preservation and reversal
Thomas Saaty, Mujgan Sagir OzdemirJournal: Mathematical and Computer ModellingRank preservation and reversal, so fundamental in decision making, have been an unresolved issue in the field of economics and utility theory and came into focus when the Analytic Hierarchy Process was developed because it uses paired comparisons that inevitably make the priorities of the alterna...
Read MoreAn essay on how judgment and measurement are different in science and in decision making
Thomas SaatyJournal: International Journal of the Analytic Hierarchy ProcessIn decision making the priority scales are derived objectively after subjective judgments are made, and they reflect the importance of the influences we considered. The process is the opposite of what is done in the physical sciences where the subjectivity of interpreting the final number comes a...
Read MoreWords from the AHP Creator
Thomas SaatyJournal: International Journal of the Analytic Hierarchy ProcessLet me take this occasion to wish this journal and its contributors my very best. It is a joyful occasion to have our own journal for decision making with the AHP/ANP and my message to you follows.
Read MoreExtending the measurement of tangibles to intangibles
Thomas Saaty, Mujgan Sagir OzdemirJournal: International Journal of Information Technology & Decision MakingTangibles have measurements generally on ratio scales with arbitrary units that are always interpreted by using judgments as to what particular purpose the measurements serve. How two measurements on a ratio scale are related with respect to dominance leads to forming their ratio which is a dimen...
Read MoreDecision making with the Analytic Hierarchy Process
Thomas SaatyJournal: International journal of services sciencesDecisions involve many intangibles that need to be traded off. To do that, they have to be measured along side tangibles whose measurements must also be evaluated as to, how well, they serve the objectives of the decision maker. The Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) is a theory of measurement thro...
Read MoreOn the invalidity of fuzzifying numerical judgments in the Analytic Hierarchy Process
Thomas Saaty, Liem TranJournal: Mathematical and Computer ModellingFuzzy set theory has serious difficulties in producing valid answers in decision-making by fuzzifying judgments. No theorems are available about its workability when it is applied indiscriminately as a number crunching approach to numerical measurements that represent judgments. When judgments ar...
Read MoreTime dependent decision-making dynamic priorities in the AHP/ANP: Generalizing from points to functions and from real to complex variables
Thomas SaatyJournal: Mathematical and Computer ModellingBecause good decisions depend on the conditions of the future, and because conditions vary over time, to make a good decision requires judgments of what is more likely or more preferred over different time periods. There are at least three ways to deal with dynamic decisions. One is to include in...
Read MoreThe Analytic Hierarchy Process and human resource allocation: Half the story
Thomas Saaty, Kirti Peniwati, Jennifer ShangJournal: Mathematical and Computer ModellingThe Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) provides a way to rank the alternatives of a problem by deriving priorities. A question that occurs in practice is: what is the best combination of alternatives that has the largest sum of priorities and satisfies given constraints? This leads one to consider ...
Read MoreThe Analytic Hierarchy Process: how to measure intangibles in a meaningful way side by side with tangibles
Thomas SaatyJournal: International Symposium on QFD, ISQFD
Read MoreGroup decision-making: Head-count versus intensity of preference
Thomas Saaty, Jennifer ShangJournal: Socio-Economic Planning SciencesThis paper puts forth a framework for reshaping the group decision-making process. The proposed framework extends from the usual one-issue-at-a-time decision-making to one that involves several related issues simultaneously. Weaknesses of the traditional majority voting mechanism are first identi...
Read MoreThere is no mathematical validity for using fuzzy number crunching in the Analytic Hierarchy Process
Thomas SaatyJournal: Journal of Systems Science and Systems EngineeringFuzzy logic has difficulty producing valid answers in decision-making. Absent are theorems to prove that it works to produce results already known that are being estimated with judgments by transforming such judgments numerically. The numerical representation of judgments in the AHP is already fu...
Read MoreThe unknown in decision making: What to do about it
Mujgan Sagir Ozdemir, Thomas SaatyJournal: European journal of operational researchThe unknown or “other” that affects our lives is what we usually very much want to know about to cope with uncertainty. We often suspect that it affects us with partial and indefinite evidence that it exists but we only have uncertain feelings about it. Even when we do not know what it is we woul...
Read MoreThe Analytic Hierarchy Process: wash criteria should not be ignored
Thomas Saaty, Luis VargasJournal: International Journal of Management and Decision Making In this short paper it is shown that care is required to perform the appropriate normalisation needed to derive the right set of priorities from paired comparisons when criteria are added or deleted in a decision problem. This is particularly true for criteria with respect to which the alternativ...
Read MoreThe possibility of group welfare functions
Thomas Saaty, Luis VargasJournal: International Journal of Information Technology & Decision MakingThis paper gives a brief overview of the well-known impossibility-possibility theorem in constructing a social welfare function from individual functions. The Analytic Hierarchy Process uses a fundamental scale of absolute numbers to represent judgments about dominance in paired comparisons. It i...
Read MoreDecision making—the Analytic Hierarchy and Network Processes (AHP/ANP)
Thomas SaatyJournal: Journal of systems science and systems engineeringThis is the first part of an introduction to multicriteria decision making using the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) and its generalization, the Analytic Network Process (ANP). The discussion involves individual and group decisions both with the independence of the criteria from the alternatives...
Read MoreAutomatic decision-making: Neural firing and response
Thomas SaatyJournal: Journal of Systems Science and Systems EngineeringIn contrast with conscious decision-making, there are numerous subconscious decisions that we make without thinking about them. Some are biological and are made by different parts of our body to keep it alive and functioning normally. Others are a result of repetition and training that we can the...
Read MoreWhy the magic number seven plus or minus two
Thomas Saaty, Mujgan Sagir OzdemirJournal: Mathematical and computer modellingIn 1956, Miller conjectured that there is an upper limit on our capacity to process information on simultaneously interacting elements with reliable accuracy and with validity. This limit is seven plus or minus two elements. He noted that the number 7 occurs in many aspects of life, from the seve...
Read MoreNegative priorities in the Analytic Hierarchy Process
Thomas Saaty, Mujgan Sagir OzdemirIn decision-making, there are often criteria that are opposite in direction to other criteria as in benefits (B) versus costs (C), and in opportunities (O) versus risks (R), and sometimes need to be distinguished by using negative numbers. In making paired comparisons of alternatives with respect...
Read MoreThe allocation of intangible resources: the Analytic Hierarchy Process and linear programming
Thomas Saaty, Luis Vargas, Klaus DellmannJournal: Socio-Economic Planning SciencesAn intangible is an attribute that has no scale of measurement. Intangibles such as effort and skill arise in conjunction with resource allocation but are not usually included directly in a mathematical model because of the absence of a unit of measurement. However, intangibles can be quantified ...
Read MoreDecision making with the Analytic Hierarchy Process
Thomas SaatyJournal: Scientia IranicaIn this paper, an introduction is given to decision-making theory, the Analytic Hierarchy Process. In the AHP, a decision hierarchy is constructed with a goal, criteria and alternatives. The criteria are pairwise compared for their importance with respect to the goal to derive a scale of relative...
Read MoreForecasting the resurgence of the US economy in 2001: an expert judgment approach
Andrew Blair, Gershon Mandelker, Thomas Saaty, Rozann WhitakerJournal: Socio-Economic Planning SciencesThis paper describes a forecast of the date for the resumption of growth of the US economy in 2001. It uses an expert judgment approach within the framework of decision theory, the Analytic Hierarchy Process, as well as its generalization to dependence and feedback, the Analytic Network Process.
Read MoreThe decision by the US congress on China’s trade status: a multicriteria analysis
Thomas Saaty, Luis VargasJournal: Models, Methods, Concepts & Applications of the Analytic Hierarchy ProcessIn this paper, we used a decision making tool, the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP), to analyze a decision to select a trade status for China that is in the best interest of the United States before that decision came before Congress for a vote.
Read MoreThe seven pillars of the Analytic Hierarchy Process
Thomas SaatyJournal: Multiple Criteria Decision Making in the New Millennium The seven pillars of the AHP, some highlights of which are discussed in the paper, are: 1) ratio scales derived from reciprocal paired comparisons; 2) paired comparisons and the psychophysical origin of the fundamental scale used to make the comparisons; 3) conditions for sensitivity of the eigen...
Read MoreBasic theory of the Analytic Hierarchy Process: How to make a decision
Thomas SaatyJournal: Revista de la Real Academia de Ciencias Exactas Fisicas y NaturalesAn assumption arising from the practice of science and engineering since the middle ages is that because nature is physical, we should be able to relate all measurement to physical dimensions. But that is not true. Human thinking and feeling exist in the physical world but they are not matter or ...
Read MoreOn the relativity of relative measures–accommodating both rank preservation and rank reversals in the AHP
Ido Millet, Thomas SaatyThe analytic hierarchy process (AHP) has been criticized for allowing the introduction of new alternatives to cause rank reversals among existing alternatives. While in many cases this is a perfectly valid phenomenon there are also many cases where rank should be preserved. To address both contin...
Read MoreDiagnosis with dependent symptoms: Bayes theorem and the Analytic Hierarchy Process
Thomas Saaty, Luis VargasJournal: Operations ResearchJudgments are needed in medical diagnosis to determine what tests to perform given certain symptoms. For many diseases, what information to gather on symptoms and what combination of symptoms lead to a given disease are not well known. Even when the number of symptoms is small, the required numbe...
Read MoreThat is not the Analytic Hierarchy Process: what the AHP is and what it is not
Thomas SaatyJournal: Journal of Multi‐Criteria Decision AnalysisThere are two basic principles that are totally missed by Salo and Hamalaninen in their attempt to reformulate the AHP, which is based on ratio scales, to fit multiattribute value theory, which is based on interval scales.
Read MoreThe analytic hierarchy process and linear programming in human resource allocation
Thomas Saaty, Kirti PeniwatiJournal: Proceedings of the Fourth International Symposium on the Analytic Hierarchy Process (ISAHP’96)The Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) provides a way to rank the alternatives of a problem by deriving priorities. A question that occurs in practice is: what is the best combination of alternatives that has the largest sum of priorities and satisfies given constraints? This leads one to consider ...
Read MorePrediction of the 1996 super bowl an application of the AHP with feedback
Thomas Saaty, D.S. TurnerJournal: Proceedings of the Fourth International Symposium on the Analytic Hierarchy Process (ISAHP’96)This paper develops a refined benefiticost model using the supermatrix approach of the AHP to predict the outcome of the playoffs and the Super Bowl of the 1995-1996 season. Introduction In October 1995, we undertook the task of predicting (Sooty and Vargas, 1991)' the outcome of the 1996 Sup...
Read MoreExamples of Difficulties with Ordinal Preferences that Disappear with Cardinal Preferences
Thomas Saaty, Luis VargasJournal: Proceedings of the Fourth International Symposium on the Analytic Hierarchy Process (ISAHP’96)We examine some examples where the use of cardinal preferences solves problems that occur when ordinal preferences are used exclusively. Ordinal preferences are the first step toward ranking alternatives but they are not the last. In general we are interested in deriving a consistent ranking of a...
Read MoreThe Analytic Hierarchy Process and utility theory: Ratio scales and interval scales
Rozann SaatyJournal: Proceedings of the Fourth International Symposium on the Analytic Hierarchy Process (ISAHP’96)This paper is a brief summary of the successful workability of the Analytic Hierarchy Process (All!') free of problems and paradoxes. As a theory of ratio scale measurement, the AHP has found multiple and diverse applications in priority setting, decision making, planning , resource allocatio...
Read MoreThe Analytic Hierarchy Process: Some observations on the paper by Apostolou and Hassell
Thomas SaatyJournal: Journal of Accounting LiteratureApostolou and Hassell in their overview of the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) and its applications to accounting included a section on some theoretical questions about the AHP that differ considerably from my own understanding as the creator of that theory. There are now more than 1,200 papers ...
Read MoreTransport planning with multiple criteria: the Analytic Hierarchy Process applications and progress review
Thomas SaatyJournal: Journal of advanced transportationFive examples of applications of the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) are made to illustrate the different uses of this ratio scale multicriteria decision method in transportation. They include a commuter route selection hierarchy, a best mix of routes to Pittsburgh's new International Airport, a...
Read MoreHow to make a decision: the Analytic Hierarchy Process
Thomas SaatyJournal: InterfacesPeople make three general types of judgments to express importance, preference, or likelihood and use them to choose the best among alternatives in the presence of environmental, social, political, and other influences. They base these judgments on knowledge in memory or from analyzing benefits, ...
Read MoreObservations on multiplicative composition in the Analytic Hierarchy Process
Thomas SaatyJournal: Proceedings of the 3rd International Symposium on the Analytic Hierarchy ProcessFrom the early years of development of the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) I examined a number of alternatives for hierarchic composition that produced ratio scales. Ratio scales were always in my thinking because of my strong interest in physics. There one multiplies different ratio scales befo...
Read MoreHighlights and critical points in the theory and application of the Analytic Hierarchy Process
Thomas SaatyJournal: European Journal of operational researchThis paper provides a detailed discussion with references on the fundamentals of the Analytic Hierarchy Process and in particular of relative measurement. The points discussed are grouped under the following categories: Structure in the AHP — Hierarchies and Networks, Scales of Measurement, Judgm...
Read MoreResponse to Holder's comments on the Analytic Hierarchy Process
Thomas SaatyJournal: Journal of the Operational Research SocietyResponse to Holder's comments on the analytic hierarchy process
Read MoreKnapsack allocation of multiple resources in benefit-cost analysis by way of the Analytic Hierarchy Process
James Benne, Thomas SaatyJournal: Mathematical and computer modellingBenefit-cost analysis has traditionally required monetary measures of benefits and costs of candidate projects. This paper demonstrates that priorities of both tangible and intangible attributes can be used in a benefit-cost setting to address the long standing problem of allocating multiple reso...
Read MoreA natural way to make momentous decisions
Thomas SaatyJournal: Journal of scientific & industrial researchA brief introduction to making decisions by the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) is given. A simple illustration of how to decide on which of three people should get a heart transplant is provided. How to structure a decision problem and how to enter judgments semantically, transform them to pair...
Read MoreInner and outer dependence in the Analytic Hierarchy Process: The supermatrix and superhierarchy
Thomas SaatyJournal: Proceedings of the 2nd International Symposium of The Analytic Hierarchy ProcessHow does one structure a decision problem with dependencies derive priorities and make choices among interdependent alternatives?
Read MoreModeling the graduate business school admissions process
Thomas Saaty, James France, Kathleen Riehle ValentineJournal: Socio-economic planning sciencesEach year graduate business admissions committees must carefully evaluate prospective students. Committees must judge the performance of applicants with respect to a wide range of quantitative and qualitative criteria in order to select the best students. The overall process is complex and time c...
Read MorePhysics as a decision theory
Thomas SaatyJournal: European Journal of Operational ResearchWe show that there is a close mathematical relationship between physics and the Analytic Hierarchy Process. We argue that numerical scales used in physics must be interpreted in terms which the scientist understands through experience and through theories advocated by experts in the field. In phy...
Read MoreHow to make a decision: the Analytic Hierarchy Process
Thomas SaatyJournal: European journal of operational researchThis paper serves as an introduction to the Analytic Hierarchy Process — A multicriteria decision making approach in which factors are arranged in a hierarchic structure. The principles and the philosophy of the theory are summarized giving general background information of the type of measuremen...
Read MoreAn exposition of the AHP in reply to the paper "remarks on the Analytic Hierarchy Process"
Thomas SaatyJournal: Management scienceAn exposition of the AHP in reply to the paper " remarks on the analytic hierarchy process"
Read MoreThe Analytic Hierarchy Process in conflict management
Thomas SaatyJournal: International Journal of Conflict ManagementThe Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) is a theory of measurement. When applied in decision‐making, it assists one to describe the general decision operation by decomposing a complex problem into a multi‐level hierarchic structure of objectives, criteria, subcriteria and alternatives. The AHP provi...
Read MoreGroup decision making and the AHP
Thomas SaatyJournal: The analytic hierarchy processThis paper focuses on the application of the Analytic Hierarchy Process in a group setting. In particular, we present observations and suggestions that are intended to help in the planning and execution of a group decision-making effort in which AΗΡ plays a major role.
Read MoreDecision making, scaling, and number crunching
Thomas SaatyJournal: Decision SciencesThe purpose of this note is to comment on the artificiality of using known scales of measurement (or conveniently improvised numbers) to make decisions. In particular, the pitfalls of trying to please the decision maker and of using normalization as a number crunching tool are discussed. Finally,...
Read MoreA note on multiplicative operations in the Analytic Hierarchy Process
Thomas SaatyJournal: Preprints of International Symposium on the Analytic Hierarchy Process, Tianjin University, Tianjin, ChinaThis note deals with the idea that there are many ways of deriving composite priorities in the AHP that do not all lead to the same outcome. ' The current approach of distributing the weight of an element in a hierarchy in proportion to the priorities of the elements compared with respect to ...
Read MoreFree trade discussions between Canada and the United States
Thomas Saaty, William WedleyJournal: Canadian Journal of Administrative Sciences/Revue Canadienne des Sciences de l'AdministrationThe free trade negotiations between Canada and the United States are a type of conflict where each side considers not only its own gains and losses but also Us perceptions of the gains and losses of the other side. The assessment involves intangibles and tradeoffs which can be structured and anal...
Read MoreResolution of retributive conflicts
Thomas SaatyJournal: IFAC Proceedings VolumesIn prolonged confrontations, known here as retributive, the parties not only exact their own demands but also want to incur a high cost on the opponent. Success in resolving a conflict is measured by the gain: each party's benefits and the costs to the opponent compared with the perceived gain fo...
Read MoreUncertainty and rank order in the Analytic Hierarchy Process
Thomas Saaty, Luis VargasJournal: European Journal of Operational ResearchThe Analytic Hierarchy Process uses paired comparisons to derive a scale of relative importance for alternatives. We investigate the effect of uncertainty in judgment on the stability of the rank order of alternatives. The uncertainty experienced by decision makers in making comparisons is measur...
Read MoreForecasting foreign exchange rates: an expert judgement approach
Andrew Blair, Robert Nachtmann, Josephine Olson, Thomas SaatyStudies have indicated that forecasts by market experts can be more accurate than time series forecasts. This article describes a process for structuring an expert foreign exchange forecast using Saaty's Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP). The specific example developed is a forecast of the yen/dol...
Read MoreRisk: Its Priority and Probability, The Analytic Hierarchy Process
Thomas SaatyJournal: Risk AnalysisRisk estimation involves priorities and probabilities which are themselves a form of priority of natural alternatives. This paper provides illustrations of how one can deal with risk and uncertainty using the Analytic Hierarchy Process, a new approach to measurement by ratio scales. The paper als...
Read MoreHow to Handle Dependence with the Analytic Hierarchy Process
Thomas SaatyJournal: Mathematical ModellingHierarchic and network systems are discussed as basic frameworks of unstructured problems modeled by the Analytic Hierarchy Process. A hierarchy represents a linear chain of interactions, whereas a network allows for feedback in the form of cycles and loops. A theory is provided for the prioritie...
Read MoreA new macroeconomic forecasting and policy evaluation method using the Analytic Hierarchy Process
Thomas SaatyJournal: Mathematical ModellingThe Analytic Hierarchy Process is used to show how forecasts can be made of the effects of monetarist, Keynesian and supply-side macroeconomic policies and to determine their impact on important variables such as unemployment, inflation and GNP growth.
Read MoreA note on the AHP and expected value theory
Thomas SaatyJournal: Socio-Economic Planning SciencesIt is shown here that one cannot simply take columns of numbers, normalize them and add to obtain results corresponding to operations in the AHP. This is what traditional expected value theory using a single scale would lead one to do. Care needs to be exercised. What one must do is to interpret ...
Read MoreExploring optimization through hierarchies and ratio scales
Thomas SaatyJournal: Socio-Economic Planning SciencesThis paper explores the concept of optimization by solely using the AHP and compares outcomes with those obtained in traditional optimization theory without and with constraints. The difference is essentially in the absence of the traditional black box involving complex manipulations in algebra o...
Read MoreAbsolute and relative measurement with the AHP. The most livable cities in the United States
Thomas SaatyJournal: Socio-Economic Planning SciencesIn this paper it is shown that there are two types of measurement involved in the AHP, absolute and relative. The first requires a standard with which to compare elements, but mostly alternatives at the bottom of the hierarchy. The process leads to absolute preservation in the rank of the alterna...
Read MoreDependence and independence: From linear hierarchies to nonlinear networks
Thomas Saaty, Masahiro TakizawaJournal: European journal of operational researchMost decisions need to be free from assumptions of independence to be faithful to the complex problems in which they arise. This paper illustrates how to generate priorities for decisions involving general types of dependence of criteria on alternatives, criteria on criteria and alternatives on a...
Read MoreAxiomatic foundation of the Analytic Hierarchy Process
Thomas SaatyJournal: Management scienceThis paper contains an axiomatic treatment of the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP). The set of axioms corresponding to hierarchic structures are a special case of axioms for priority setting in systems with feedback which allow for a wide class of dependencies. The axioms highlight: (1) the recip...
Read MoreScaling the membership function
Thomas SaatyJournal: European Journal of Operational ResearchTo scale the membership function, a method is needed that can assess the importance of elements with respect to a property or criterion that is common among them. It is conceivable that membership should be determined in terms of several criteria tangible and intangible. The approach needed is a...
Read MoreConflict resolution and the falkland islands invasions
Thomas SaatyJournal: InterfacesThe analytic hierarchy process (AHP) is compared with game and metagame theories for analyzing conflicts. The AHP helps to structure the problem, generate and synthesize judgments, and carry out a benefit/cost analysis of various policies. The Falkland Islands crisis is examined using the judgmen...
Read MoreProjecting average family size in rural India by the Analytic Hierarchy Process
Thomas Saaty, Molly WongJournal: Journal of Mathematical SociologyIn this study, cultural, economic as well as certain crucial demographic factors are considered as the determinants for projecting the average family size in rural India. We use the Analytic Hierarchy Process to analyze influences of the factors which enter implicitly in a rural couple's deci...
Read MorePriority setting in complex problems
Thomas SaatyJournal: IEEE Transactions on Engineering ManagementThere are three principles which one can recognize in problem solving. They are the principles of decomposition, comparative judgments, and synthesis of priorities. The Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) provides a comprehensive framework to cope with the intuitive, the rational, and the irrational...
Read MoreAn objective approach to faculty promotion and tenure by the Analytic Hierarchy Process
Thomas SaatyJournal: Research in Higher EducationThis paper proposes a novel evaluation approach for the selection of candidates for promotion and/or tenure. The decision problem is conceptualized as a hierarchy of factors and a mathematical procedure known as the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) is used for successively “weighting” or prioriti...
Read MoreHigh-level nuclear waste management: analysis of options
Thomas Saaty, H GholamnezhadJournal: Environment and Planning B: Planning and DesignA new approach is introduced for evaluating strategies for the safe disposal of high-level nuclear waste. Five strategies are considered, and by means of the effective method of ‘analytic hierarchy process’ these strategies are prioritized with respect to a set of tangible and intangible criteria...
Read MoreApplications of the Analytic Hierarchy Process to long range planning processes
James Emshoff, Thomas SaatyJournal: European Journal of Operational ResearchThis paper considers the long range planning process from the point of view both of projecting forward likely or desired changes from the current position to define a possible future state, and of identifying desirable future states and working backwards from those to consider ways in which they ...
Read MoreHigh‐level decisions: A lesson from the Iran hostage rescue operation
Thomas Saaty, Luis Vargas, Amos BarzilayWe use the analytic hierarchy process to analyze the role of subjective factors in decision making as illustrated in the Iran rescue operation. Essentially, we show that a decision maker and that decision maker's advisors may differ in their estimates on whether an action should or should not...
Read MoreTechnological choice in the less developed countries: An analytic hierarchy approach
Vasudevan Ramanujam, Thomas SaatyJournal: Technological Forecasting and Social ChangeA novel and practical approach is proposed for the assessment and selection of imported technology by the less developed countries. Technological choice is conceptualized as a multiobjective, multicriterion problem wherein subjective judgments and political processes play key roles. A new plannin...
Read MoreFinancial and intangible factors in fleet lease or buy decision
Luis Vargas, Thomas SaatyJournal: Industrial Marketing ManagementWe show that there is no single best solution in the leasing versus company ownership problem for the fleet administration industry as a whole. Because of the different styles and traditions of firms and because of the emphasis on intangibles beyond economics, a unifying framework of reference in...
Read MoreMarketing applications of the Analytic Hierarchy Process
Yoram Wind, Thomas SaatyJournal: Management scienceSeveral marketing applications of the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) are reviewed. The paper starts with a brief description of this process, which was developed by Thomas Saaty in 1971, including an eight-point outline of how to apply it. The thrust of the paper is a discussion of a number of ...
Read MorePortfolio selection through hierarchies
Thomas Saaty, Paul C. Rogers, Ricardo PellJournal: The journal of portfolio managementThe method we will discuss addresses the huge task of ranking and choosing from among a large set of stocks in order to devide how much of our recources should be allocated to each of the stocks chosen.
Read MoreHierarchical analysis of behavior in competition: Prediction in chess
Thomas Saaty, Luis VargasJournal: Behavioral scienceIn this paper we use the analytic hierarchy process to combine technical and behavioral characteristics of chess players and predict the outcome of a championship match. The method also applies to decision making in living systems at the level of the group. Our approach to prediction deals with t...
Read MoreMathematical modeling of dynamic decisions; priorities and hierarchies with time dependence
Thomas SaatyJournal: Mathematics and computers in SimulationThe question often arises in regard to the use of Analytic Hierarchy Process: What would one do if the judgments where to change? A simple answer to that problem is that one should solve the new problem. But this is not what people usually have in mind. Presumably what they would like is a parame...
Read MoreTheory of measurement of impacts and interactions in systems
Thomas SaatyJournal: Systems Methodology in Social Science ResearchWhat is being frequently tested in society today is not our engineering skill or our ability to bring technology to bear on life’s problems, but our sense of priorities and our capacity to make trade-offs between various factors that have an impact on life. The trade-offs cannot all be measured i...
Read MoreA theory of analytical hierarchies applied to political candidacy
Thomas Saaty, J. P. BennettJournal: Behavioral ScienceA theory of hierarchies is applied to structure complex decision problems about groups, organizations, societies or supranational systems in three steps. The problem is decomposed into a number of strata, each with several elements which may be people, variables, policies, and so on. We next anal...
Read MoreA new approach to performance measurement the Analytic Hierarchy Process
Eren Erdener, Thomas SaatyJournal: Design Methods and TheoriesA new approach to performance measurement the Analytic Hierarchy Process
Read MoreEstimating technological coefficients by the Analytic Hierarchy Process
Thomas Saaty, Luis VargasJournal: Socio-Economic Planning SciencesWe give a summary and an example of a new, systems oriented, method for estimating the input-output coefficients of a given economy. Our approach is based on pairwise comparisons among the sectors of the economy ranking them according to their priority on a ratio scale. What we obtain corresponds...
Read MoreModeling unstructured decision problems—the theory of analytical hierarchies
Thomas SaatyJournal: Mathematics and computers in simulationQuantitative modeling of unstructured decision problems with social implications is new and challenging and has pressing needs. A new approach to scaling using largest eigenvalues and reciprocal matrices and the effect of inconsistent judgment are introduced and relevant theory discussed. In this...
Read MoreCriteria for Evaluating Group Decision-Making Methods. In: Decision Making with the Analytic Network Process
Kirti PeniwatiJournal: International Series in Operations Research & Management ScienceThis paper has brought many criteria and many methods under one umbrella. We believe that our schematization is a good start and may eventually be improved upon in subsequent revisions and extensions of the criteria used and in debating the importance of these criteria and the accuracy with which...
Read MoreAggregating Individual Judgments and Prioriies with the Analytic Hierarchy Process
Ernest Forman, Kirti PeniwatiJournal: European Journal of Operational ResearchThe Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) is often used in group settings where group members either engage in discussion to achieve a consensus or express their own preferences. Individual judgments can be aggregated in different ways. Two of the methods that have been found to be most useful are the...
Read MoreThe Use of AHP in Sustainable Forest Management Certification
Mubariq Achmad, Kirti PeniwatiJournal: Proceedings of the fifth International Symposium on The Analytic Hierarchy ProcessSustainable forest management (SFM) certification is a process to determine whether a forest management unit or company has been operating and performing at the acceptable degree of sustainability. The Indonesian Eco-labeling Institute (LEI) has been establishing a certification system using the ...
Read MoreIncreasing the level of certainty in medical diagnosis Using AHP/ANP with compatibility index G in support of medical diagnosis
Claudio Garuti, Mario SandovalJournal: International Journal of Medical Engineering and InformaticsThis paper is based on the development of a web-based tool, in support of medical decision making called medical sapiens (MS), oriented to improve diagnostic accuracy and diminishing the uncertainty of the initial diagnosis. It has been developed for four years working with several senior physici...
Read MoreMeasuring in Weighted Environments: Moving from Metric to Order Topology
Claudio GarutiJournal: Applications and Theory of Analytic Hierarchy Process - Decision Making for Strategic DecisionsThis is a chapter in the book: Applications and Theory of Analytic Hierarchy Process - Decision Making for Strategic Decisions. This chapter addresses the problem of measuring closeness in weighted environments (decision-making environments). This chapter show the importance of having a trustwort...
Read MoreConstructing a maqasid (objective) based performance measurement index for Islamic banks
Kazi Md. Tarique, Rafikul Islam, Mustafa Omar Mohamed, Dzuljastri Abdul Razak, Hamdino bin HamdanJournal: International Journal of the Analytic Hierarchy ProcessThe current study aims to develop a Maqasid al-Shari’ah (objective of Islamic Law) based a new performance evaluation index for Islamic banks. In order to achieve the objective, the current study conducted twelve semi-structured interviews of academics and practitioners who specialize in Islamic ...
Read MorePrioritised challenges and critical success factors for delivering quality education in Malaysian private higher education institutions
Azilah Anis, Rafikul IslamJournal: Quality Assurance in EducationThe purpose of this paper is to develop a hierarchical model to rank the challenges faced by the private Malaysian higher education institutions (HEIs) in the provision of quality education and subsequently their corresponding critical success factors (CSFs) to address those challenges.
Read MoreAssessing and Ranking HALMAS Parks in Malaysia: An Application of Importance-Performance Analysis and AHP
Rafikul Islam, Fatima El MadkouriJournal: Journal of Islamic MarketingThis paper aims to measure the level of importance and satisfaction on a number of items in the day-to-day running of the halal parks in Malaysia and to rank a selected halal parks on the basis of a number of performance criteria.
Read MorePrioritization of Service Quality Dimensions for Healthcare Sector
Rafikul Islam, Selim Ahmed, Kazi Md. TariqueJournal: International Journal of Medical Engineering and InformaticsDue to the unique nature among the service industries, the overriding objective of the healthcare sector is to provide error free, impeccable services to their patients and clientele. It is not an option rather a norm for the healthcare sector to uphold and maintain the level of service that is q...
Read MoreThe application of analytic hierarchy process in higher-learning institutions: A literature review
Azilah Anis, Rafikul IslamJournal: J. for International Business and Entrepreneurship DevelopmentCurrently, there has been increasing interest in the application of the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) in the educational sector. However, little effort has been made in reviewing its applications particularly in higher-learning institutions (HLIs). Thus, this paper attempts to systematically r...
Read MoreCritical success factors of the challenges in providing quality education: A study on Malaysian private higher learning institutes
Rafikul Islam, Azilah Anis, Anisah AbdullahThe issue of quality education in higher learning institutions is timely and crucial due to the Malaysian government's aspiration to turn the country into a centre of educational excellence in the Asian region. Quality education acts as an indicator of the institution's ability to provi...
Read MoreSelecting a technical service provider by the Analytic Hierarchy Process
Slamet Riyadi, Lokman Effendi, Rafikul IslamJournal: Malaysian Management ReviewThe selection of a suitable technical service provider in the oil and gas industry can be a lengthy process. To expedite the procurement process, the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) method is proposed as a means of identifying the best technical service provider to develop a field development pl...
Read MorePrioritizing issues of Malaysian vision 2020: An application of the analytic hierarchy process and quality function deployment
Rafikul Islam, Yusof IsmailJournal: International Journal of Economics, Management and AccountingThe objectives of this research are to obtain the people's perception towards a number of issues pertaining to the realization of Malaysian Vision 2020, to rank the challenges of Vision 2020 and to collect suggestions to expedite the realization of the vision. Based on a nationwide survey,...
Read MoreCritical success factors of the nine challenges in Malaysian vision 2020
Rafikul IslamJournal: Social-Economic Planning SciencesBy the year 2020, Malaysia aspires to become a fully developed nation. In order to realize this vision, formally termed ‘Vision 2020’, Malaysia must address nine strategic challenges identified by the government of former Prime Minister Tun Dr. Mahathir bin Mohamad. These challenges are: (1) Esta...
Read MoreMBNQA criteria in education: Assigning weights from a Malaysian perspective and proposition of an alternative evaluation scheme
Rafikul IslamJournal: International Transactions in Operational ResearchIn order to improve quality and productivity among American companies, the Malcolm Baldrige National Quality Award (MBNQA) was launched by the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) under the US Department of Commerce in 1987. Over the years, the award has proved to be effective in...
Read More